The First Information Report (FIR) is the very first step in a criminal case in Pakistan. It is the written document prepared by the police under Section 154 of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1898 (Cr.P.C.) when information about a cognizable offence is given. Understanding how the FIR process works helps citizens protect their rights and ensure that justice begins properly.
Shabir Shar Law Associates explains how to file an FIR, what to do if police refuse registration, and the remedies available under Pakistani law.
What is an FIR?
An FIR is the official report of a cognizable offence — one that allows the police to arrest the accused and start an investigation without prior permission from the court. It sets the criminal process in motion and becomes the foundation of the entire investigation.
Legal Basis — Section 154 Cr.P.C.
According to Section 154:
“Every information relating to the commission of a cognizable offence, if given orally to an officer in charge of a police station, shall be reduced to writing, read over to the informant, and signed by the person giving it.”
This means police are legally bound to record the complaint, provide a copy to the informant, and register it in the daily diary of the police station.
Essential Ingredients of an FIR
- Clear description of the offence committed
- Date, time, and place of occurrence
- Identity or description of the accused (if known)
- Information about the victim or witnesses
- Signature or thumb impression of the complainant
Who Can Lodge an FIR?
Any person who has knowledge about the offence can lodge an FIR — not necessarily the victim. Even a witness or bystander may report a cognizable offence to the police.
What Happens After Registration?
- Police enter the case in the Daily Diary Register.
- An Investigation Officer (IO) is appointed.
- The IO visits the crime scene, collects evidence, and records statements under Section 161 Cr.P.C.
- A final Challan (Report) is submitted to the concerned Magistrate.
If Police Refuse to Register FIR — Your Legal Options
- Write to the Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP) under Section 154(3) Cr.P.C. requesting registration.
- File a complaint before the Justice of Peace under Section 22-A & 22-B Cr.P.C. for issuance of directions to the police to register FIR.
- Approach the Sessions Court or High Court for constitutional remedy under Article 199 of the Constitution of Pakistan.
False FIR and Its Consequences
Filing a false FIR is a criminal act itself under Sections 182 and 211 of the Pakistan Penal Code (PPC). It can lead to imprisonment, fine, and other legal consequences for the complainant. Always ensure that your FIR is based on facts and supported by evidence.
Your Rights as a Complainant
- Receive a copy of the FIR free of cost
- Right to be informed about investigation progress
- Right to be heard at the time of bail hearing
- Right to legal representation and fair treatment during the investigation
Important Case Law
PLD 2018 SC 813: Police are duty-bound to register an FIR once information regarding a cognizable offence is received; they cannot refuse registration on the basis of doubt.
2020 SCMR 1369: Delay in lodging FIR affects credibility but is not fatal if explained reasonably.
Why Timely Registration Matters
A delay in filing FIR can weaken your case — witnesses may forget details, and evidence may get lost. Immediate reporting ensures proper investigation and preserves your rights.
How Shabir Shar Law Associates Can Help
- Filing applications for FIR registration under Section 22-A & 22-B Cr.P.C.
- Representing complainants or accused during investigation and bail stages
- Drafting legal notices and petitions for unlawful police inaction or harassment
- Challenging false FIRs and defending wrongful implication
Conclusion
FIR registration is your legal right and the first step toward justice. If the police refuse to register your complaint, do not remain silent — exercise your remedies through proper legal channels. Shabir Shar Law Associates assists citizens across Sindh in ensuring their voice is heard in law enforcement processes.
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