The First Information Report (FIR) is the first and most critical step in the criminal justice system of Pakistan. It is a written document prepared by the police when they receive information about the commission of a cognizable offence—one where the police can arrest without a warrant. The FIR sets the investigation process in motion under Section 154 of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1898.
Shabir Shar Law Associates explains how to register an FIR, what to do if the police refuse, and what your legal rights are during this process.
What is an FIR?
An FIR is the official written document by which the state becomes aware of an alleged crime. It includes details such as the nature of the offence, time, place, persons involved, and a brief description of the incident. It is the starting point for a criminal investigation and ensures the matter is officially recorded.
Legal Basis — Section 154 Cr.P.C.
According to Section 154 of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1898:
"Every information relating to the commission of a cognizable offence, if given orally to an officer in charge of a police station, shall be reduced to writing and read over to the informant."
Who Can Lodge an FIR?
Anyone with knowledge of the commission of a cognizable offence can lodge an FIR. It is not necessary that the informant is the victim or an eyewitness — even a bystander can file it if they have credible information.
Essential Ingredients of a Valid FIR
- Details of the alleged offence (nature and section of law).
- Place, date, and time of occurrence.
- Names and details of persons involved (if known).
- Description of the property or injury caused.
- Signature or thumb impression of the informant.
Procedure for Registration of FIR
- Go to the nearest police station in whose jurisdiction the offence occurred.
- Provide the information orally or in writing to the duty officer.
- The information will be recorded in the FIR Register (Register No. 1).
- The FIR will be read over to you and signed or thumb-impressed.
- You are entitled to receive a free copy of the FIR immediately.
What to Do if Police Refuse to Register FIR
If the police officer refuses to record the FIR, you can take the following legal actions:
- Submit a written complaint to the Superintendent of Police (SP) under Section 154(3) Cr.P.C.
- Approach the Judicial Magistrate under Section 22-A & 22-B Cr.P.C. seeking directions to register the FIR.
- File a Constitutional Petition before the High Court if fundamental rights are violated.
Importance of FIR in Criminal Proceedings
The FIR forms the foundation of the prosecution case. It determines the direction of investigation, helps courts evaluate evidence, and protects the complainant’s rights by officially documenting the incident.
False or Malicious FIR — Legal Remedies
If someone files a false FIR to harass or defame another person, the accused can take legal action under:
- Section 182 PPC — False information to a public servant.
- Section 211 PPC — False charge of offence made with intent to injure.
- File a defamation suit under the Defamation Ordinance, 2002.
Role of Shabir Shar Law Associates
Our experienced team assists clients in filing FIRs, obtaining copies, pursuing investigations, and challenging false or fabricated reports before competent forums. We ensure your complaint is handled professionally and your rights are fully protected under the law.
Conclusion
Filing an FIR in Pakistan is a fundamental right and an essential step to seek justice. Knowing the correct procedure and legal remedies helps prevent misuse of power and ensures that every citizen can access justice transparently and effectively.
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